Chenopodium
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Overview
Aperçu
Regulation :
Remarques Réglementation:
Regulation Notes:
Distribution :
Répartition :
Globally, Chenopodium is a cosmopolitan species with over 100 species found naturally on every continent except Antarctica (POWO 2024), with many species widely introduced worldwide.
There are 40 Chenopodium species in the United States, with 28 being native and another 12 introduced. The genus is widespread across all the states (USDA-NRCS 2024), and some native species have also been widely introduced to other states.
There are 18 Chenopodium species found in Canada, 13 native to most provinces and territories (excluding Nunavut, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), with another 5 introduced species also found in every province and territory (Brouillet et al. 2010+).
There are three species that have greatly expanded their range globally with agriculture and human-mediated transport: Chenopodium album L., native to central Asia and temperate Europe (Williams 1963; Eslami and Ward 2021). Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes et al. (Syn.= Chenopodium murale L.), native to southern Asia, southern Europe and northern Africa (Eslami and Ward 2021), and Chenopodium quinoa Willd., native to the Andes mountains of South America (Angeli et al. 2020). Additionally, Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.= Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), which is native to Central and South America (Holm et al. 1997).
Habitat and Crop Association :
Habitat et Cultures Associées :
Chenopodium is a weedy genus found naturally in disturbed habitats, agricultural areas, waste areas, and other open habitats, often growing in saline and alkaline soils, and are commonly found near human development and settlements (personal observation).
Chenopodium album is a common contaminant of Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum (common wheat), Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (sugar beets), Zea mays L. subsp. mays (corn, maize), Solanum tuberosum L. (potatoes), and other vegetables worldwide (Holm et al. 1991; Eslami and Ward 2021). It is an important weed of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax), Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower), Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Oryza sativa L. (rice) and vineyards in scattered countries (Holm et al. 1991). In England, C. album is associated with Hordeum. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (barley) cultivation, and also a principal contaminant of Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens (carrot) seed (Williams 1963). In China, C. album is a serious weed of Z. mays subsp. mays and Glycine max L. (soybeans) (Eslami and Ward 2021).
Chenopodiastrum murale is a principal weed of T. aestivum subsp. aestivum in many countries, and the seeds are often harvested with the crop (Holm et al. 1997). It has been a serious weed of G. hirsutum in many countries and can reduce the yield of vegetable crops such as Z. mays subsp. mays, Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum (tomato), Allium sativum L. (garlic) and Allium cepa L. (onions), through direct competition and release of toxic phenols (Holm et al. 1997; Eslami and Ward 2021).
Dysphania ambrosioides, a weed of disturbed ground, annual and perennial crops, prefers lighter soils with a higher water input than C. album or Chenopodiastrum murale (Holm et al. 1997; Kasali et al. 2021). The species has been recorded as a major weed in cereal crops, vegetables, pastures, Citrus L. species (citrus), Z. mays subsp. mays, T. aestivum subsp. aestivum, Oryza sativa and Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (sweet potato) (Holm et al. 1997).
Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. is a lesser pest in Zea mays and vegetable crops, but it also shows herbicide resistance to atrazine and simazine (Heap, 2024).
Economic Use, cultivation area, and Weed Association :
Utilisation économique, zone de culture et association de mauvaises herbes :
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa) is cultivated as a pseudo-grain crop (FNA 1993+) originally mostly in its native Andean habitat in South America but is now widely grown across the globe in Europe, North America, North Africa, and Asia (Mu et al. 2023). C. quinoa is a valuable cash crop due to its superior nutritional qualities and ability to tolerate cold, salt, and drought (Angeli et al. 2020). It is considered a good alternative cash crop for use in arid and semi-arid regions under saline conditions (Eisa et al. 2017), where traditional crops do poorly. Depending on fertilizer rates and planting density, C. quinoa can be a very high-yielding crop, producing over 2000 kg/ha (Wali et al. 2022) even when grown in marginal soils.
The seeds of the semi-domesticated Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (cañihua), is cultivated in the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia and ground into nutritious flour (Heiser and Nelson 1974). Another semi-domesticate, C. berlandieri Moq. subsp. nuttalliae (Saff.) H. D. Wilson & Heiser (huahzontli), is cultivated in central Mexico primarily as a vegetable (Heiser and Nelson 1974). The leaves and seed of the weedy C. album have been utilized as food since the Iron Age in Britain (Williams 1963) and are currently grown in northern India as a semi-domesticate with local cultivars (Partap and Kapoor 1985). The weed Chenopodiastrum murale has been used occasionally as a leaf vegetable in parts of India and Africa (Holm et al. 1997). D. ambrosioides leaves, seeds have been wild-collected or cultivated for leaves, seeds and extracted oils used to control intestinal parasites (anthelminthic) (Holm et al. 1997). This species is still used as a medicine within the native South America, as well as Africa, India and Morocco (Holm et al. 1997; Kasali et al. 2021).
Amaranthus retroflexus L. appears to be the most abundant weed species found in C. quinoa crops (Langeroodi et al. 2020), with studies showing that inter-row hoeing can help reduce weed intensity without the use of herbicides (Jacobsen et al. 2010). Kakabouki et al. (2015) reported Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., C. album and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., were common weeds of C. quinoa crops grown in Greece.
Duration of Life Cycle :
Durée du cycle vital:
Annual or Perennial
Dispersal Unit Type :
Type d’unité de dispersion :
Utricle or Achene
General Information
RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX
The family Chenopodiaceae has been recently proposed to be merged into the Amaranthaceae as subfamily Chenopodioideae, based on interpretation of phylogenetic and molecular data for a common Amaranthaceae ancestor (APG 1998). Additional molecular studies using more species or combined markers have produced inconsistent or opposing results that require further study (Kadereit et al. 2003). Merging Chenopodiaceae into Amaranthaceae requires a large curatorial effort and may create confusion in herbaria, floras, academic works and to the public, especially with a decision to divide the families again (Shepherd 2008).
Chenopodium was historically divided into numerous subgenera and sections (Clemants and Mosyakin 2003). After the analysis of Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012), six Chenopodium lineages have been reclassified at the genus level. There are an estimated 150 Chenopodium species worldwide, but reports can vary between 150-250, perhaps due to recent splitting of the genus (Fuentes-Bazan et al. 2012; Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013; Eslami and Ward 2021).
Agriculturally important species placed under Chenopodium, for example, Chenopodium murale L. (now Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes et al.), by authors such as Holm et al. (1991; 1997), Clemants and Mosyakin (2003) and Bojňanský and Fargašová (2007), are described using both the new genus name sensu Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) and the older Chenopodium designation.
Chenopodium album produces an average of 72,000 seeds per plant and up to 500,000 seeds per plant with a lifespan of 30-40 years in the soil, making prevention of seed set critical to controlling it (Herbicide Resistance Action Committee 2016).
C. quinoa has been cultivated in the Andes of South America since 5000 BCE. It has been considered a sacred food throughout the history of the Inca civilization (Angeli et al. 2020). Other Chenopodium species were widely used as food sources by North American native peoples, from Alaskan natives and Inuit (Eskimo) south to the Hopituh Shi-nu-mu (Hopi) and Dine’ (Navajo) in Arizona and New Mexico (BRIT NAEB 2019).
C. quinoa has higher protein, more essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, and carbohydrates than other grains; it is also gluten-free and has beneficial hypoglycemic effects (Angeli et al. 2020), making many consider it a far superior alternative to traditional grain crops. It could soon become a very important food source when you factor in its ability to grow in marginal habitats, its cold, salt, and drought tolerance, as well as the very high potential yields described by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (2016).
C. quinoa also reduces chronic disease risk in those who consume it regularly because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, and other beneficial properties (Fuentes 2013).
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Chenopodium album plants growing on the edge of agricultural fields in Kansas (USA. Image © Lyrae Willis @lyraenatureblog)
Identification
Identification
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Utricle
Size
- Chenopodium utricle diameter range: 0.7 mm – 1.5 mm (Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013)
- Example utricle sizes (Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013)
• Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. = Chenopodium glaucum L.) diameter: 0.7-0.9 mm
• O. rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn.= C. rubrum L.) diameter: 0.7-0.9 mm
• C. ficifolium Smith diameter: 1.2 mm
• Chenopodium giganteum D. Don diameter : 1.2-1.4 mm
• Chenopodium album L. diameter: 1.3-1.5 mm
• Chenopodiastrum simplex (Torr.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn.= Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf.) diameter: 1.7-1.8 mm
Shape
- Utricles round or oval-shaped and compressed, may be slightly inflated.
Surface Texture
- Utricles are smooth, papillate, reticulate or faintly striate in a radiating pattern.
- Utricles have a papery (chartaceous) consistency
Colour
- Utricle colour is brown, grey-brown, white or yellow
- C. album utricles may be yellow and white mottled or streaked
Other Features
- Utricles generally closely fit the seed or are slightly larger than the seed
- Species with a dehiscent or indehiscent but non-adherent pericarp are considered utricles (FNA 1993+)
- Chenopodium species now classified as Oxybasis have utricle fruits
- Most of the Chenopodium species native to North America have utricles (Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013)
- A bubbled or pitted utricle may indicate a similar seed texture but is not consistent (e.g. C. album)
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) utricle
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Achene
Size
- Chenopodium achene diameter range: 0.7 mm – 2.5 mm (Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013)
- Example achene sizes (Sukhorukov and Zhang 2013)
• Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Syn.= Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) diameter: 0.7 mm
• Blitum capitatum L. (Syn.= Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi) length: 0.9-1 mm
• Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen diameter: 1.3-1.4 mm
• Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. diameter: 1.2-1.5 mm
• Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn.= Chenopodium murale L.) diameter: 1.3-1.4 mm
• Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn.= Chenopodium hybridum L.) diameter: 1.4 – 2 mm
• Chenopodium quinoa Willd. diameter: 2 – 2.5 mm
Shape
- Achenes round or oval-shaped and compressed, some are terete
Surface Texture
- Achenes have a smooth, wrinkled, papillate, ridged reticulate or bubbled surface
- Achenes have a membranous or papery (chartaceous) consistency
Colour
- Achene colour is brown, yellow, white or translucent yellowish or whitish, showing the seed colour beneath
Other Features
- Achenes tightly fit the seed and will be a similar size as the seed
- Species with an indehiscent, adherent pericarp are considered achenes (FNA 1993+)
- Chenopodium species now classified as Chenopodiastrum (except for C. simplex), Dysphania and Blitum have achenes
- A bubbled or pitted achene generally indicates a pitted seed texture
Chenopodium berlandieri seeds and achenes
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Seed
Size
- Chenopodium species seed size range from literature:
• Seed length 0.5 – 2.0 mm; width: 0.5 – 1.8 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
• Seed diameter: 0.6 mm – 1.8 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007) - Chenopodium album seed sizes from literature:
• Seed length 1.1-1.6 mm; width: 1.1-1.5 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
• Seed diameter: 0.9-1.6 mm (FNA 1993+)
• Seed length 1.4-1.6 mm; width: 1.3-1.5 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007) - Chenopodiastrum murale seed sizes from literature:
• Seed length 1.2-1.5 mm; width: 1.0-1.3 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
• Seed diameter: 1-1.5 mm (FNA 1993+)
• Seed diameter: 1-1.3 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007) - Dysphania ambrosioides seed sizes from literature:
• Seed length: 0.8-1.0 mm; width: 0.8-0.9 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
• Seed length: 0.6-1 mm; width: 0.4-0.5 mm (FNA 1993+)
• Seed length: 0.6-0.8 mm; width: 0.6-0.8 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007) - Additional species seed sizes from literature:
• C. quinoa diameter: 1.5-1.7 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007)
• O. glaucum length: 0.6-0.9 mm; width: 0.6-0.9 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
• B. capitatum length: 0.7-1.2 mm; width: 0.6-0.9 mm (Bassett and Crompton 1982)
Shape
- Chenopodium seeds are generally round or oval and compressed, appearing lens-shaped (biconvex) in 3D
- Seed may look like a comma or D-shaped if the radicle is prominent
- Blitum and Dysphania species can have oval-shaped seeds inflated (terete) in 3D with a ridge and around the outside
- Deformed seeds of C. album can appear oval-shaped and terete
- Chenopodiastrum seeds are generally strongly compressed with a sharp edge (keeled)
- The cylindrical radicle is visible at one end, outlined with a groove that extends towards the centre of the seed, and may slightly project beyond seed edge
- The style remnant is a round depression in the middle of one side of the seed in most Chenopodium species
Surface Texture
- Seed surface is smooth with radiating striations or wrinkles in most species of Chenopodium, Chenopodiastrum and Dysphania
- Seed surface is shallowly or deeply pitted some species (e.g., C. berlandieri, C. murale, C. ficifolium and rarely C. album)
- Seed surfaces generally grooved reticulate in Oxybasis species
- Seed surface has shallow, longitudinal wrinkles in Blitum species
- The hilum is a small hole between the radicle and cotyledons along the edge of the seed
Colour
- Seed colour in most Chenopodium and Chenopodiastrum species is shiny black, brownish-black or reddish-black
- Immature Chenopodium species are reddish or brownish coloured
- Seed colour of most Oxybasis, Blitum and Dysphania species is generally shiny red, dark red or dark brown
- C. quinoa and C. pallidicaule seed are generally dull yellow or brown.
- The non-dormant seeds of heteromorphic C. album are translucent red or brown.
Other Features
- The seed hilum is not obvious and does not have diagnostic value in present and former Chenopodium genera.
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seeds and utricles
- Chenopodium species seed size range from literature:
-
Embryo
Size
- Embryo partially fills the seed
Shape
- Embryo curved or circular
Endosperm
- Endosperm (technically perisperm) is hard and translucent whitish or white
Other Features
- Embryo peripheral position
Chenopodium album seed (internal structure)
Identification Tips
CONSEILS POUR L’IDENTIFICATION
Seeds of Chenopodium species have several distinguishing features:
- Small size, less than 3 mm long.
- Generally round shape, some are oval.
- Generally lens-shaped (biconvex) in 3D, seeds of species now in Dysphania and Blitum may be inflated (terete) in 3D.
- A thin, papery fruit coat, generally easily removed or scraped off the seed.
- Dark-coloured, generally shiny blackish or dark red.
- Surface with radiating striations, wrinkles or pitted.
- Radicle visible along edge at one end, marked with a groove towards the center of the seed.
- Embryo peripheral position, curved or circular.
- Endosperm generally translucent whitish.
- Seeds of Blitum, Dysphania and Oxybasis species are generally dark red or reddish and will have longitudinal rather than radiate markings on the surface.

Chenopodium album utricles and seeds (one type)





























Additional Botany Information
AUTRES RENSEIGNEMENTS BOTANIQUES
Flowers/Inflorescence
- Inflorescences are spike-like with tight terminal or axillary clusters (FNA 1993+) or in branched inflorescences (WFO 2024)
- Bracts are usually absent or narrow and leaf-like (FNA 1993+)
- Flowers are mostly bisexual or rarely unisexual with terminal male or bisexual and lateral female flowers; without bracteoles; perianth segments (3-)5, sepal-like, usually joined at the base and sometimes further up; no wings or spines (FNA 1993+)
- Stamens 5 or less; superior ovary; style 1 or absent; stigmas 2(-5), threadlike (FNA 1993+)
- Fruits are utricles or achenes, often enclosed in perianth parts, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent (FNA 1993+)
- Chenopodium can be differentiated from Chenopodiastrum because the latter has a prominent midvein visible inside the sepal-like perianth while Chenopodium does not (Fuentes-Bazan et al. 2012)
- Fruits are held vertically in Blitum species, vertical or horizontal in Dysphania and Oxybasis species, and horizontal in Chenopodium and Chenopodiastrum species (FNA 1993+; Fuentes-Bazan et al. 2012)
Vegetative Features
- Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely shrub-like (FNA 1993+)
- Hairless or with short white mealy hair (FNA 1993+)
- Stems are erect or lying on the ground (prostrate), usually branched or rarely simple, not jointed, and lacking spines (FNA 1993+)
- Leaves are alternate, typically stalked, but may be sessile, not fleshy (FNA 1993+)
- Leaf blade is linear, oblong, lance-shaped, egg-shaped, triangular, trowel-shaped, or diamond-shaped; flattened, not jointed, not spinose; bases are truncated, heart-shaped, spear-like, or wedge-shaped; margins are entire, smoothly or sharply toothed; tip acute, obtuse, tapering to a point, or occasionally lobed; upper leaves are shorter, narrower, and less lobed (FNA 1993+)
- Chenopodium quinoa is related to Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. and will often key to it. However, C. quinoa has larger leaves and inflorescences, and the seeds are lighter-coloured (FNA 1993+).

Chenopodium album inflorescence (Peter M. Dziuk, Minnesota Wildflowers, MinnesotaWildflowers.info)













Similar Species
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Similar species are based on a study of seed morphology of various species, and those with similar dispersal units are identified. The study is limited by physical specimen and literature availability at the time of examination, and possibly impacted by the subjectivity of the authors based on their knowledge and experience. Providing similar species information for seed identification is to make users aware of similarities that could possibly result in misidentification.
Atriplex L. species
Atriplex species seeds are generally larger than 1 mm in diameter (FNA 1993+), which distinguishes them from small-seeded Chenopodium species and Blitum, Dysphania and Oxybasis seeds. Atriplex species commonly produce dull brown, dimorphic seed that can be larger than Chenopodium species (≥3 mm diameter) e.g. A. hortensis L. , A. patula L. and A. lacinata L. (FNA 1993+). The smaller, shiny black Atriplex seeds have the fruit coat and surface texture oriented longitudinally rather than radially as in Chenopodium. The radicle of black Atriplex seeds is generally larger, straighter and with deep, grooved reticulation compared to Chenopodium seeds.
Amaranthus L. species
The seeds of Amaranthus species can appear similar to small-seeded Chenopodium species, Blitum, Dysphania and Oxybasis seeds, and deformed, terete C. album seeds. The smooth surface, paired hilum lobes, grooved-reticulate radicle at the hilum end and the textured rim around the outside of Amaranthus seed are distinguishing features.
Click to select species
Cliquez pour sélectionner les espèces

Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex patula

Atriplex prostrata

Atriplex sibirica

Amaranthus albus

Amaranthus blitoides

Amaranthus blitum subsp. blitum

Amaranthus blitum subsp.
emarginatus var. emarginatus

Amaranthus hybridus

Amaranthus muricatus

Amaranthus palmeri

Amaranthus powellii

Amaranthus retroflexus

Amaranthus spinosus

Amaranthus tuberculatus

Amaranthus viridis
Comparison Window
Fenêtre de comparaison
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album utricles and seeds (one type)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seeds
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seeds and utricles
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seed (one type)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) utricle and perianth
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) utricle
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seed (one type)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album (lamb’s-quarters) seed (one type)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium berlandieri seeds and achenes
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium berlandieri seeds and achenes
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium berlandieri seed
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) achenes
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) achene
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) achene
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) achene; side view
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds (red)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seed (red)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds (white)
MAIN SPECIES
ESPÈCES PRINCIPALES
Chenopodium

Chenopodium
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seed (white)
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex hortensis
Chenopodiaceae
Garden atriplex (Atriplex hortensis) seed, utricles, and bract
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex hortensis
Chenopodiaceae
Garden atriplex (Atriplex hortensis) bract
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex hortensis
Chenopodiaceae
Garden atriplex (Atriplex hortensis) utricles and seed
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex hortensis
Chenopodiaceae
Garden atriplex (Atriplex hortensis) seed (one type) with partial fruit wall
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Atriplex hortensis

Atriplex hortensis
Chenopodiaceae
Garden atriplex (Atriplex hortensis) seed (one type) with partial fruit wall
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Besoin d’aide pour l’identification?
Reference(s)
Référence(s)
Angeli, V., Silva, P. M., Massuela, D. C., Khan, M. W., Hamar, A., Khajehei, F., Graeff-Hönninger, S., & Piatti, C. 2020. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the Potentials of the “Golden Grain” and Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Its Cultivation and Marketization. Foods, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020216
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553.
Bassett, I. J. and Crompton, C.W. 1982. The genus Chenopodium in Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 60: 586-610.
BRIT – NAEB. 2019. Native American Ethnobotany Database. Brit.org. http://naeb.brit.org/
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer, The Netherlands. 1046 pp.
Brouillet L., Desmet P., Coursol F., Meades S.J., Favreau M., Anions M., Bélisle P., Gendreau C., Shorthouse D., 2010+. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Online at http://data.canadensys.net/vascan Accessed February 19, 2024.
Clemants S. E. and Mosyakin S. L. 2003. Chenopodium. In: Welsch L.S., Crompton W. and Clemants S.E. (eds.), Flora of North America Volume 4. Oxford University Press, New York.
Eisa S., Eid M.A., Abd El-Samad E.H., Hussin SA, Abdel-Ati A.A., El-Bordeny N.E., Ali S.H., Al-Sayed H.M.A., Lotfy M.E., Masoud A.M., El-Naggar A.M., Ebrahim M. 2017. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. A New Cash Crop Halophyte For Saline Regions of Egypt Aust. J Crop Sci 11:343–351. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.03.pne316
Eslami, S.V. and Ward, S. 2021. Chapter 5: Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale. Pp. 89-112 In: Biology and Management of Problematic Weed Species. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822917-0.00009-4
Flora of North America (FNA) Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico [Online]. 22+ vols. New York and Oxford. http://beta.floranorthamerica.org Accessed August 22, 2024.
Fuentes-Bazan, S., Uotila, P., and Borsch, T. 2012. A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia, 42: 5-24.
Fuentes F., Paredes-Gónzalez X. 2013. Nutraceutical perspectives of quinoa: Biological properties and functional applications. FAO CIRAD State Art Rep. Quinoa World. 2013:286–299.
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