Ipomoea
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Overview
Aperçu
Regulation :
Remarques Réglementation:
Regulation Notes:
- Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. is a federally restricted invasive weed in the United States for its potential to outcompete native aquatic plants (National Invasive Species Information System n.d.).
Distribution :
Répartition :
Ipomoea is a pantropical genus with 634 (POWO 2024) to 681 species (GBIF 2024) found naturally throughout the tropical and subtropical biomes on every continent including the majority of islands throughout the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans; it is also native to Japan and parts of temperate North America. It has been introduced into parts of temperate Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Tasmania, and temperate North America (POWO 2024).
In Canada, there are 5 reported Ipomoea species, Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. and Ipomoea lacunosa L. are native to Ontario, Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. and Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth are introduced species in Ontario and Ipomoea purpurea is occasionally Quebec), and Ipomoea quamoclit L. has been reported as introduced in Ontario but unconfirmed (Brouillet et al. 2010+). The genus is not found in Canada outside of Ontario and sometimes Quebec.
Ipomoea is more common in the USA since it has subtropical and tropical biomes. There are 69 reported species found throughout the continental USA, Hawaii, and other islands, 47 of which are native, 16 are introduced, and 6 are unconfirmed (USDA NRCS 2024). There are none found in Idaho or Alaska.
Habitat and Crop Association :
Habitat et Cultures Associées :
Ipomoea species are found in a wide variety of mostly tropical and subtropical habitats, including riparian, wetland, and coastal habitats, plus moist and dry forests, desert scrubs, and grasslands. They are also found in numerous disturbed areas, roadsides, waste places, agricultural fields, and abandoned lands. They can be found in rich, fertile soils to poor, dry soils.
Several Ipomoea species are major agricultural weeds in the San Joaquin Valley of California (UC IPM Weed Gallery n.d.). In Brazil, Ipomoea hederifolia L, Ipomoea quamoclit L., Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, and Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth species reduce crop productivity in Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane) by 46% and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) by up to 80% (Barroso et al. 2019).
Pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications can control Ipomoea species (Barroso et al. 2019). This is confirmed by the lack of records of herbicide resistance in the genus (Heap 2024).
Ipomoea aquatica is a serious invasive aquatic weed that can spread vegetatively or via seeds and forms dense floating mats on the water surface, shading and outcompeting native plants. It is a serious invasive weed in the Philippines and throughout many tropical areas where it overgrows canals, ditches, and lakes.
Economic Use, cultivation area, and Weed Association :
Utilisation économique, zone de culture et association de mauvaises herbes :
Ipomoea species are widely cultivated as a food source throughout the tropical and subtropical world and into temperate regions, particularly in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
The tubers of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (sweet potatoes) are cultivated worldwide, mostly in Asia (>80%), followed by Africa, and then the Americas with over 86 million tonnes produced in 2022, down from a high of nearly 140 million tonnes in 2000 (FAO 2021).
The leaves and stems of Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (water spinach) are an important iron-rich food source that is widely grown throughout tropical and subtropical Asia, where they are found in numerous local dishes.
The enlarged flower stalks (peduncles) of Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. (clove bean) are consumed in India and Sri Lanka and are considered an underutilized vegetable that could increase nutrition by diversifying the diet among the rural poor (Munasinghe & Menaka 2021).
Other Ipomoea species, including Ipomoea batatas (Ornamental Sweet Potatoes), Ipomoea purpurea (Common Morning Glory), and others are widely cultivated as garden ornamentals for their big, colourful flowers and ease of growth throughout the tropical and subtropical world.
Ipomoea batatas crops can often suffer from weed infestation by annual grasses, various Amaranthus L. species, Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge), and Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur) (MS Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station n.d.).
Duration of Life Cycle :
Durée du cycle vital:
Annuals, biennials, or perennials
Dispersal Unit Type :
Type d’unité de dispersion :
Capsule, seed
General Information
RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX
The ornamental cultivation of Ipomoea species has frequently resulted in escapees that become invasive in their preferred habitats. Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea quamoclit are two such weeds that have become invasive worldwide and have been widely documented throughout the United States (Swearingen & Bargeron 2016).
Under ideal conditions, Ipomoea aquatica can produce 190,000kg of biomass per hectare in 9 months and produces 175-245 seeds per plant (GISD 2024). It is a Class I Prohibited Aquatic in Florida, USA (FDACS n.d.).
Ipomoea batatas, native to Central America, was one of the Polynesian “canoe plants” that were transplanted by settlers on islands throughout the Pacific from Hawaii (College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources 2009) south to New Zealand (Barber & Higham 2021).
Ipomoea lacunosa L. (whitestar potato) is popularly cited as a common food source for native North Americans, although scholarly references to support this could not be found. Either way, its edible potato-like tuber is becoming popular in gardens and as a foraged food in North America.
Seeds of Ipomoea species contain several neurotoxin alkaloids, but there is typically not enough seed in contaminated grain to cause harm to humans or livestock (UC IPM Weed Gallery n.d.).
Several Ipomoea species, both native and introduced, have been used as food and medicines by indigenous people in Canada and the United States mostly as laxatives but also sedatives, diuretics, and respiratory aids (BRIT NAEB 2019).
Ipomoea costata F.Muell. ex Benth. (Australian bush potato) was believed to be a primary food source for Indigenous Australians for thousands of years but is now considered rare since the indigenous people no longer rely on it (Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity n.d.).
Current medical research has shown that Ipomoea purpurea shows potential as an anti-cancer drug (Beheshti et al. 2021). Ipomoea carnea Jacq. shows great potential in healing UVB-induced skin lesions (Sundar & Lingakumar 2023), and in other studies, it has proven beneficial in preventing gastric ulcers (Ghareeb et al. 2024).
Ipomoea’s bright, colourful flowers attract pollinators to their nectar, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds; some flowers open at night to attract large moths and occasionally bats.
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Ipomoea pes-caprae sprawling vines on a beach in Playa Delfines, Sinaloa, Mexico. Photo by Lyrae Willis.
Identification
Identification
-
Capsule
Size
- Length range of Ipomoea species capsules: 5-22 mm (Wood et al. 2020)
- Example of a large capsule: Ipomoea alba L. length: 3 cm (Wood et al. 2020)
- Example of a small capsule: Ipomoea triloba L. length: 5-6 mm (Wood et al. 2020)
Capsule size of selected species from literature (Wood et al. 2020):
• Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. capsule length: 10 mm; width: 8 mm
• Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. capsule diameter: 5-7 mm
• Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. capsule length: 8-12 mm
• Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth capsule length: 7-10 mm; width: 6 mm
• Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. length: 1.5–2.2 cm
• Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth capsule length: 9-11 mm
• Ipomoea quamoclit L. capsule length: 7-9 mm
• Ipomoea tricolor Cav. capsule length: 10 mm; width: 6 mmShape
- Capsules are generally globose shaped (e.g. I. purpurea, I. nil), or oval-shaped (e.g. I. quamoclit, I. alba), rarely cone-shaped (e.g. Ipomoea dumosa (Benth.) L.O. Williams)
- A stalk-like style remnant remains on one end of the capsule, generally thin (e.g. I. nil, I. purpurea), but is thick and beak-like in some species (e.g. I. quamoclit, I. tricolor)
Surface Texture
- Capsules are generally hairless (e.g. I. nil, I. purpurea, I. hederacea); some species have pubescent capsules (e.g. I. eriocarpa, I. tricolor) (Wood et al. 2020)
Colour
- Mature capsules are straw-yellow, brown or reddish-brown
Other Features
- Capsules release the seeds (dehisce) by longitudinal slits that open into triangular valves
- Capsules of I. lacunosa and I. grandifolia (Dammer) OʼDonell in the Eriospermum subgenus open by 4 valves and contain four seeds (Song et al. 2018)
- The Pharbitis clade in the Ipomoea subgenus, (e.g. I. hederacea, I. purpurea, I. nil) have a three-chambered capsule and up to 6 seeds (Wood et al. 2020)
- Capsules in the Quamoclit subgenus (e.g. I. eriocarpa, I. quamoclit, I. tricolor) have four chambers (locules) and 4 seeds (Wood et al. 2020)
Ipomoea purpurea seeds and capsule (open)
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Seed
Size
- Seed size range of Ipomoea species: length: 1.6-13 mm; width: 1.1-8 mm (Khalik 2013; Wood et al. 2020)
- Example of a large seed: Ipomoea alba L. length: 11-13 mm (Wood et al. 2020)
- Example of a small seed: Ipomoea triloba L. length: 1.6-2 mm; width 1.1-1.5 mm (Khalik 2013)
Seed size of selected species from literature:
• Ipomoea coccinea L. seed length: 3.4-4 mm; width: 2.9-3.2 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007)
• Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. seed length: 2.5–3 mm; width: 1.7–2 mm (Khalik 2013)
• Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. seed length: 4.5-5 mm; width: 3.8-4.2 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007)
• Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. seed length: 7-10 mm; width 6.5 – 8 mm (Khalik 2013)
• Ipomoea purpurea (L.) seed length: 4.4-4.8 mm; width: 3.2-3.6 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007)
• Ipomoea quamoclit L. seed length: 2.5-4 mm; width: 1.2-2 mm (Khalik 2013)
• Ipomoea tricolor Cav. seed length: 6.4-7 mm; width: 3.8-4.2 mm (Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007)Shape
- Seeds are generally oval shaped or D-shaped, and trigonous in 3 dimensions with two flat sides and one convex side
- I. quamoclit and I. tricolor seeds are narrow oval or rhombic shaped
- Some species have laterally compressed seeds (e.g. I. hederacea, I. purpurea), dorsiventrally compressed seeds (e.g. I. pandurata), almost terete seeds (e.g. I. coccinea, I. quamoclit), or a mix of compression types (e.g. I. aquatica)
- Seeds of species such as I. coccinea and I. hederacea have an irregular surface with shallow ridges and depressions
- I. nil and I. purpurea have a longitudinal groove on the convex side, and shallow depressions on the two flat sides
- The hilum area is flat and D-shaped near one end of the seed
Surface Texture
- Seeds generally have a dense covering of flat, twisted surface hairs, they may be very short (e.g. I. hederacea, I. purpurea), medium length (e.g. I. aquatica) or long (e.g. I. pes-caprae)
- Some species have hairless seeds (e.g. I. alba)
- Surface hairs may be only along the edges of the seed in species such as Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Moq. or in patches in I. quamoclit
- Dense hairs surround, and generally cover, the hilum area
- Surface hairs may be partially or fully removed during seed processing
- Seed surface is smooth in species such as I. aquatica and I. pandurata, minutely ridged reticulate (visible under 60x magnification) in species such as I. hederacea and I. purpurea, and visibly ridged reticulate in I. eriocarpa
Colour
- Seed colour is generally black or dark brown, some species may have brown or reddish-brown seeds (e.g. I. aquatica)
- I. eriocarpa seeds are black, but have a yellowish tissue layer
- Seeds of some species have patches of light brown colour (e.g. I. hederifolia L., I. quamoclit)
- Immature seeds are orangish or reddish-brown
- Surface hairs are brownish
Other Features
- There are two short ridges or bulges on either side of the hilum area, close to the end of the seed. They will crack and allow water to enter during germination (Jayasuriya et al. 2007)
Ipomoea aquatica seeds
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Embryo
Size
- Embryo fills the seed
Shape
- Embryo is irregularly folded
Endosperm
- Endosperm is hard and translucent yellow
Other Features
- Embryo is in the axial position, filling the seed
Identification Tips
CONSEILS POUR L’IDENTIFICATION
The seeds of Ipomoea and the related Convolvulus and Calystegia in the Convolvulaceae have similar features:
- Oval or D-shaped seeds, trigonous in 3 dimensions with two flat sides and a convex side
- Dark brown or black colour
- Flat hilum area at one end of the seed
- Irregularly folded embryo that fills the seed
- Fruit a globose or ovoid capsule
The seeds of Ipomoea species can be distinguished from the similar species in the Convolvulaceae by:
- Seed shape is a narrow oval in some species (e.g. I. quamoclit)
- Seed shape may be laterally or dorsiventrally compressed, and generally has shallow ridges or grooves
- Seed surface generally hairy with a (generally microscopic) ridged reticulate texture, non-tuberculate
- Large, D-shaped hilum area surrounded by, or covered by dense, short hairs

Ipomoea aquatica seeds

























Additional Botany Information
AUTRES RENSEIGNEMENTS BOTANIQUES
Flowers/Inflorescence
- Inflorescences are simple branched, flowering first at the tip, with 1 to few (rarely many) flowers; rarely forming panicles at branch tips; stalks (peduncles) are short or long, may have bracts and bracteoles, rarely forming an involucre (WFO 2024).
- Flowers are small to large mostly on distinct stalks (WFO 2024).
- Sepals 5 overlapping; persistent; herbaceous to leathery (WFO 2024); usually variable in size, nearly fused to mostly free; hairless or pubescent; often enlarged in fruit (WFO 2024).
- Corolla often brightly coloured purple, red, pink, white, or rarely yellow; having well-defined mid-petaline bands; radially symmetric or rarely slightly bilaterally symmetric; funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, rarely a narrow tube with a disk of petals on top (salverform); shallowly 5-lobed or entire, rarely deeply lobed (WFO 2024).
- Stamens 5, usually within but occasionally extending past corolla margins; threadlike filaments are usually unequal in length, triangular-shaped, and pubescent at the base; anthers are egg-shaped or linear, not twisted (WFO 2024).
- Ovary hairless or pubescent topped with 1 threadlike style that sometimes extends past the corolla; stigma is usually head-shaped but sometimes is 2-3 lobed (WFO 2024).
- The anthers that are not twisted after dehiscence help distinguish Ipomoea from Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. and Operculina Silva Manso. Otherwise, differentiation within the family is complex and based on variable characteristics and multiple species-specific exceptions.
Vegetative Features
- Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, usually twining herbaceous or sub-woody vines but may be prostrate or floating, rarely erect; occasionally, they are woody shrubs or, more rarely, trees.
- Leaves are mostly stalked (petiolate), rarely sessile, and rarely with small appendages at the base of the leaf stalk (pseudostipules) (WFO 2024).
- Leaf blades are usually highly variable in size and shape, even on the same plant; they are often heart-shaped (cordate), sometimes oval or egg-shaped, rarely narrowly lance-shaped or even pinnately divided and rarely compound; margins are entire, lobed, or divided; surfaces are often hairless but can be sparse to densely hairy.

Ipomoea alba flower showing distinctive midpetaline bands and uncommon exserted stamens. From Paco’s Reserva de Flora y Fauna, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Photo by Lyrae Willis.

















Similar Species
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Similar species are based on a study of seed morphology of various species, and those with similar dispersal units are identified. The study is limited by physical specimen and literature availability at the time of examination, and possibly impacted by the subjectivity of the authors based on their knowledge and experience. Providing similar species information for seed identification is to make users aware of similarities that could possibly result in misidentification.
Convolvulus L. species
The seeds of Convolvulus species are generally smaller (C. arvensis L. length: 3-4 mm; width: 2.2-3 mm, Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007) than Ipomoea species (I. purpurea (L.) length: 4.4-4.8 mm; width: 3.2-3.6 mm, Bojňanský and Fargašová 2007), but there is overlap. The surface of Convolvulus species seed is tuberculate, and the hilum area is square or rectangular compared to the non-tuberculate, generally hairy surface with a D-shaped hilum area of Ipomoea species.
Calystegia L. species
The size of Calystegia species seed and the D-shaped hilum area overlaps with Ipomoea species, but the surface is tuberculate in the common Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. and Calystegia species do not have hairs around or over the hilum area.
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Convolvulus arvensis

Calystegia sepium
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MAIN SPECIES
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica seed
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea aquatica seed; hilum (close-up view)
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea cairica seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea fimbriosepala seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea fimbriosepala seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea hederifolia seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea hederifolia seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea nil seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea nil seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Bigroot morning-glory (Ipomoea pandurata) seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Bigroot morning-glory (Ipomoea pandurata) seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Bigroot morning-glory (Ipomoea pandurata) seed
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Bigroot morning-glory (Ipomoea pandurata) seed; side view
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Bigroot morning-glory (Ipomoea pandurata) seed; hilum (close up view)
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea pandurata seed
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea purpurea seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea purpurea seeds and capsule (open)
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea purpurea seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea quamoclit seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea quamoclit seeds
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea ramosissima seeds and capsule
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Ipomoea

Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea ramosissima seeds and capsule
SIMILAR SPECIES
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Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) seeds
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Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) seeds
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) seed
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) seed
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) seed
SIMILAR SPECIES
ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES
Convolvulus arvensis

Convolvulus arvensis
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus arvensis capsule
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Reference(s)
Référence(s)
Barber, I. G., & G. Higham, T. F. 2021. Archaeological science meets Māori knowledge to model pre-Columbian sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) dispersal to Polynesia’s southernmost habitable margins. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0247643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247643
Barroso, A.A.M.; Ferreira, P.S.H.; Martins, D. 2019. Growth and Development of Ipomoea Weeds. Planta Daninha; Jaboticabal Vol. 37, (2019). DOI:10.1590/s0100-83582019370100034
Beheshti, F., Shabani, A. A., Akbari Eidgahi, M. R., Kookhaei, P., Vazirian, M., & Safavi, M. 2021. Anticancer Activity of Ipomoea purpurea Leaves Extracts in Monolayer and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6666567
BRIT Native American Ethnobotany Database (BRIT NAEB). 2019. Native American Ethnobotany Database. Brit.org. http://naeb.brit.org/
Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, (2010+). Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Online at http://data.canadensys.net/vascan Accessed March 11, 2024
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 2009. Why Growing Plants for Lei Helps to Preserve Hawai’i’s Natural and Cultural Heritage Hawaiian Ecosystems and Culture Hawaiian Ecosystems and Culture. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dofaw/files/2014/02/Hawaiian-Ecosystems-and-Culture-Growing-Lei-plants-1.pdf
Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (FDACS). n.d. Ipomoea aquatica / Noxious Weeds / Plant Pests and Diseases / Pests and Diseases / Agriculture Industry. www.fdacs.gov. https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Pests-and-Diseases/Plant-Pests-and-Diseases/Noxious-Weeds/Ipomoea-aquatica
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2021. FAOSTAT. www.fao.org. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize
Ghareeb, M. A., Mohammed, H. S., Aboushousha, T., Lotfy, D. M., M., M. A., Sobeh, M., & Taha, E. F. 2024. Ipomoea carnea mitigates ethanol-induced ulcers in irradiated rats via Nrf2/HO−1 pathway: An in vivo and in silico study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53336-1
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat. 2024. Ipomoea L. in. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei via GBIF.org Accessed March 11, 2024
Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). 2024. Ipomoea aquatica. www.upane.it, U. GISD. Iucngisd.org. https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=477
Heap, I. The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. Online. Available www.weedscience.org Accessed March 11, 2024.
Inaturalist. (n.d.). iNaturalist. INaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/home
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.2024. Rooting out the Weeds. Mississippi State University. https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/discovers/article.php?id=170 Accessed March 11, 2024.
Munasinghe, S & Fernando, Menaka. 2021. Factors affecting on propagation and production of clove bean [Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacg.]; an underutilized vegetable crop in Sri Lanka. AGRIEAST Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 15. 55-64. 10.4038/agrieast.v15i1.101.
National Invasive Species Information Center. n.d.. Water Spinach. www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/plants/water-spinach
POWO. 2024. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published at http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Accessed March 11, 2024.
Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity. n.d. Bush Potato – Ark of Taste – Slow Food Foundation. https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/bush-potato/
Sundar, M., & Lingakumar, K. 2023. Investigating the efficacy of topical application of Ipomoea carnea herbal cream in preventing skin damage induced by UVB radiation in a rat model. Heliyon, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19161
Swearingen, J., C. Bargeron. 2016. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/
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