Fact Sheets

FICHES DE
RENSEIGNEMENTS

Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb) Ledeb.

Family :

Famille :

Chenopodiaceae

Synonym(s) :

Synonyme(s) :

Anabasis glomerata M. Bieb. (Tropicos 2022; USDA_ARS 2022)
Halogeton kashmirianus Grey-Wilson & Wadhwa              (POWO 2022)
Halogeton tibeticus Bunge (POWO 2022)
Salsola glomerata Stephan ex Moq. (POWO 2022)
Salsola obtusifolia Ledeb. ex Sweet (POWO 2022)

Common Name(s) :

Nom(s) commun(s) :

Halogeton
(English and French) (GC 2016; Tropicos 2022; USDA-ARS 2022)

Saltlover (English) (FNA 1993+; CABI 2022)

Barilla (English) (Tropicos 2022)

Aral barilla (Spanish) (CABI 2022)

Yan sheng cao (Chinese) (CABI 2022)

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) utricles and one perianth without wings

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) utricle enclosed in perianth with wings

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) utricle enclosed in perianth without wings, commonly seen

  • Halogeton glomeratus utricles enclosed in perianth without wings, commonly seen

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) utricle

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) seed

  • Halogeton glomeratus utricle

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) seed, tightly coiled embryo

  • Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) seed, cross-section (L) and longitudinal section (R)

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Overview

Aperçu

Regulation :

Remarques Réglementation:

  • CFIA Weed Seeds Order - Class 1: Prohibited Noxious Weed Seeds
  • USA Federal Noxious Weed Seed List

Regulation Notes:

Prohibited Noxious, Class 1 in the Canadian Weed Seeds Order (2016) under the Seeds Act. All imported and domestic seed must be free of Prohibited Noxious weed seeds.

Distribution :

Répartition :

Native to northwestern China, Mongolia and Central Asia, as well as southern parts of the Russian Federation (CABI 2022; USDA-ARS 2022). Introduced and widespread in the western half of the United States (CABI 2022; USDA-NRCS 2022). Absent from Canada (Brouillet et al. 2010+).

Habitat and Crop Association :

Habitat et Cultures Associées :

Adapted to alkaline and dry soils in overgrazed rangelands, abandoned farmlands, shrublands, roadsides, railway lines, trails and disturbed areas (CABI 2022; Duda et al. 2003).

Economic Use, cultivation area, and Weed Association :

Utilisation économique, zone de culture et association de mauvaises herbes :

Duration of Life Cycle :

Durée du cycle vital:

Annual or Winter annual

Dispersal Unit Type :

Type d’unité de dispersion :

Utricle

General Information

RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX

Halogeton glomeratus was accidentally introduced into Nevada in 1934, and believed to be initially spread by sheep farming due to invasions corresponding to the movement of sheep and imported wool (Blackwell et al. 1979; Erickson et al. 1952; Pemberton 1986). A prolific seed producer, it can produce more than 100,000 seeds per plant (Cronin 1965; Pemberton 1986).

The plant produces two types of fruits, those with a persistent perianth produced early in the growing season and are dormant. The second type is produced late in the season, loosely enclosed in a winged perianth, and germinates readily (Cronin 1965; Robocker et al. 1969). There is a higher proportion of dormant fruits with a persistent perianth in the southern range of this species in the United States and reversed in the northern range (Cronin 1965).

H. glomeratus produces chemicals that alter soil chemistry, soil physical structure, and the microbial community to favour H. glomeratus expansion and reduction of native species (Duda et al. 2003). The high concentration of oxalates in the plant tissues has caused mass mortalities in sheep (Erickson et al. 1952).

 

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Halogeton glomeratus infestation (K. George Beck and James Sebastian, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

Identification

Identification

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  • Utricle with brown seed

    Size

    • Utricle length: 1 – 2 mm (FNA 1993+)

    Shape

    • Oval-shaped or round utricle with a protruding radicle tip, flattened in edge view

    Surface Texture

    • Utricle surface varied with longitudinal striations, wrinkles, and ridged reticulations, all variations may be present or the fruit may exhibit only one of the textures

    Colour

    • Utricle is dull, straw yellow coloured

    Other Features

    • The coiled embryo can be seen through the utricle and seed walls
    • Brown-seeded utricles are produced by central flowers in the flower cluster (FNA 1993+)
  • Utricle with black seed

    Size

    • Utricle length: 0.5 – 1 mm (FNA 1993+)

    Shape

    • Oval-shaped or round utricle with a protruding radicle tip, flattened in edge view

    Surface Texture

    • Utricle surface variable with longitudinal striations, wrinkles, and ridged reticulations; all variations may be present or the fruit may exhibit only one of the textures

    Colour

    • Utricle is straw yellow coloured

    Other Features

    • Black or dark brown-seeded utricles are produced by outer flowers in the flower cluster (FNA 1993+)
  • Perianth wingless (with brown seed)

    Size

    • Perianth length*: 1.9 – 2.6 mm; width: 1.2 – 1.8 mm
    *Note: minimum and maximum of 20 wingless perianths in a normal range of this species using image measurement (ISMA 2020)

    Shape

    • Perianth is oval-shaped, compressed in edge view

    Surface Texture

    • Perianth is longitudinally striated

    Colour

    • Dull or shiny straw yellow coloured

    Other Features

    • Wingless perianth fruits are produced by central flowers in the flower cluster (FNA 1993+)
    • Wingless perianth is made up of 5 bracts and tightly encloses the brown utricle (FNA 1993+)
    • Utricle is held vertically within the perianth (FNA 1993+)
    • Perianth is derived from the sepals of the flower (Zappettini 1953)
  • Perianth winged (with black seed)

    Shape

    • Perianth is oval-shaped, compressed in edge view
    • Wings are fan shaped, extend from one end of the perianth

    Surface Texture

    • Perianth and wings are longitudinally striated

    Colour

    • Dull or shiny straw yellow coloured

    Other Features

    • Winged perianth fruits are produced by lateral flowers in the flower cluster (FNA 1993+)
    • Winged perianth is made up of 5 bracts and loosely encloses the black utricle (FNA 1993+)
    • Utricle is held vertically within the perianth (FNA 1993+)
    • Perianth is derived from the sepals of the flower (Zappettini 1953)
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  • Seed

    Size

    • Seed size generally the same as the fruit size

    Shape

    • Seed is oval shaped or round, flattened in edge view with a pointed radicle tip

    Surface Texture

    • Seed surface is smooth or slightly wrinkled

    Colour

    • The seed is translucent brown, black, or dark brown coloured

    Other Features

    Hilum and hilum area

    • Hilum is not visible

    Other than hilum

    • The coiled embryo can be seen through the translucent seed wall
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  • Embryo

    Size

    • Embryo fills the seed

    Shape

    • Embryo is coiled

    Endosperm

    • Endosperm is absent (Zappettini 1953)

    Other Features

    • Embryo is in a peripheral position
    • Embryo is yellowish coloured

Identification Tips

CONSEILS POUR L’IDENTIFICATION

Halogeton glomeratus fruits are distinctive and not easily confused with other species. Fruits are flattened and generally dispersed within a perianth. The compressed, coiled embryo visible through the seed wall is another recognizable feature of this species. Other species of Halogeton have seeds held horizontally in the perianth, or have a different coloured perianth. The seeds of these species have not been described in available literature for comparison to H. glomeratus.

Additional Botany Information

AUTRES RENSEIGNEMENTS BOTANIQUES

Flowers/Inflorescence

  • Flowers are small and clustered together between the leaf and stem, lacking petals (Zappettini 1953)
  • Each inflorescence consists of three clusters, two lateral each with 2-3 flowers that mature into fruits with perianth wings, and a central, single flowered one that develops without wings (FNA 1993+)
  • The sepals form the perianth associated with the mature fruit (Zappettini 1953)

Vegetative Features

  • The cylindrical, succulent leaves have a long hair at the tip (CABI 2022)

Similar Species

ESPÈCES SEMBLABLES

Similar species are based on a study of seed morphology of various species, and those with similar dispersal units are identified. The study is limited by physical specimen and literature availability at the time of examination, and possibly impacted by the subjectivity of the authors based on their knowledge and experience. Providing similar species information for seed identification is to make users aware of similarities that could possibly result in misidentification.

Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle)

S. tragus utricles are generally larger (length* : 1.4 – 2.0 mm; width: 1.0 – 1.7 mm) than black H. glomeratus fruits and a similar size to brown fruits. They may be shed in a winged perianth like H. glomeratus, but is grey coloured and cone-shaped compared to the light brown coloured and flattened H. glomeratus fruits.

*Note: minimum and maximum of 10 utricles without perianth in a normal range of this species using image measurement (ISMA 2020)
  • Other species of Halogeton are distributed in North Africa, Southern Spain, southern Italy and China (eFloras 2022). These species may possibly be encountered in commodities originating from these areas
  • Halogeton arachnoideus Moq. – found in northern China, seeds horizontal in the perianth, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, leaves with wooly hairs (eFloras 2022)
  • Halogeton sativus (L.) Moq. – found in southern Spain and North Africa, flowers generally solitary, perianth pink or with pink centres (Zappettini 1953), description of seed features not available

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Reference(s)

Référence(s)

Blackwell, W.H., Haacke, J.D. and Hopkins, C.O. 1979. Halogeton (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 8: 157-169.

Brouillet, L., Coursol, F., Meades, S. J., Favreau, M., Anions, M., Bélisle, P. and Desmet, P. 2010+. VASCAN, the database of vascular plants of Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/ Accessed March 1, 2022.

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). 2022. Invasive Species Compendium, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/journal/cabicompendium Accessed March 1, 2022.

Cronin, E.H. 1965. Ecological and Physiological Factors Influencing Chemical Control of Halogeton glomeratus. USDA Technical Bulletin 1325, Washington, DC. 65 pp.

Duda, J.J., Freeman, D.C., Emlen, J.M., Belnap, J., Kitchen, S.G., Zak, J.C., Sobek, E., Tracy, M. and Montante, J. 2003. Differences in native soil ecology associated with invasion of the exotic annual chenopod, Halogeton glomeratus. Biology and Fertility of Soils 38:72–77.

eFloras. 2022. Electronic Floras. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA., http://www.efloras.org accessed May 6, 2022.

Erickson, L.C., Morton, H.L. , Tisdale, E.W. and Zappettini, G. 1952. The present status of the halogeton problem. Weeds 1: 321-328.

Flora of North America (FNA) Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico [Online]. 22+ vols. New York and Oxford. Accessed March1, 2022.

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat. 2022. https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei Accessed via https://www.gbif.org/species/3083621 Accessed December 29, 2022.

Government of Canada (GC). 2016. Canadian Weed Seeds Order. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-93/page-2.html (English) https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/fra/reglements/DORS-2016-93/page-2.html (French)

International Seed Morphology Association (ISMA). 2020. Method for Seed Size Measurement. Version 1.0. ISMA Publication Guide.)

Pemberton, R.W. 1986. The distribution of halogeton in North America. Journal of Range Management 39: 281-282.

Plants of the World Online (POWO). 2022. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Accessed March 11, 2022.

Robocker, W.C., Willams, M.C., Evans, R.A. and Torell P.J.. 1969. Effects of age, burial, and region on germination and viability of halogeton seed. Weed Science 17:63-65.

Tropicos.org. 2022. Missouri Botanical Garden. https://tropicos.org Accessed March 11, 2022.

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS). 2022. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx Accessed March 1, 2022.

U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). 2022. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC USA. http://plants.usda.gov Accessed March 1, 2022.

Zappettini, G. 1953. The taxonomy of Halogeton glomeratus. The American Midland Naturalist 50: 238-247.

Author(s)

AUTEUR(S)

Jennifer Neudorf, Angela Salzl, Ruojing Wang, Karen Castro, Katrina Entwistle
Canadian Food Inspection Agency